The simplest definition of turf toe is that it is a sprain of the main joint of the big toe.

It happens when the toe is forcibly bent up into hyperextension, such as when pushing off into a sprint and having the toe get stuck flat on the ground. Sprains of the big toe joint became especially prevalent in American football players after artificial turf became more common on playing fields – hence the term “turf toe.” Artificial turf is a harder surface than grass and does not have much “give” when forces are placed on it.

Although often associated with football, turf toe occurs in a wide range of sports and activities.